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A young Turkana boy looks pensive as he holds a large gourd. Gourds are less common with the Turkana than the wooden containers their women make; firstly,they are expensive since they have to be brought from afar but more importantly they crack more easily on the move.
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Yellow-billed Oxpeckers ride on the back of a black rhino. Mweiga, Solio, Kenya
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A young Turkana girl adorned with necklaces of a style the Southern Turkana prefer to wear.
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A Turkana girl in all her finery. Among the Turkana,cicatrization is a common form of beautification. She wears a crucifix given to her by a missionary; they are popular ornaments despite not necessarily being associated with Christianity.
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Wildebeest and Zebra crossing the Mara River during the annual Wildebeest migration from the Serengeti National Park in Northern Tanzania to the Masai Mara National Reserve.
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A pretty young Turkana girl has already had the flesh below her lower lip pierced in readiness for a brass ornament after her marriage. The rims of her ears have also been pierced and the holes kept open with small wooden sticks.
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An elephant covered in red dust blocks a track in Kenya s Tsavo West National Park.
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Wildebeest crossing the Mara River during their annual migration from the Serengeti National Park in Northern Tanzania to the Masai Mara National Reserve.
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Wildebeest massing to cross the Mara River during their annual migration from the Serengeti National Park in Northern Tanzania to the Masai Mara National Reserve.
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Wildebeest crossing the Mara River during their annual migration from the Serengeti National Park in Northern Tanzania to the Masai Mara National Reserve.
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Wildebeest crossing the Mara River during their annual migration from the Serengeti National Park in Northern Tanzania to the Masai Mara National Reserve.
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A Commiphora tree struggles for survival in a confused jumble of basalt lava boulders,reddened by the setting sun. Extensive lava fields are an unpleasant feature of southern Turkanaland.
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Two Maasai giraffes shade themselves beneath a Balanites tree on the plains of the Masai Mara National Reserve.
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A Turkana woman makes the final ties to the dome-shaped framework of her home. In wet weather,hides will be laid on top and secured with leather thongs.
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A pair of Lesser Masked weavers build their intricate nest in an acacia tree in Tsavo West National Park during the rainy season.
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Three semi-grown cheetah cubs in early morning sunlight. Masai Mara National Reserve
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A beautiful purple Hibiscus species that grows in dry grasslands on the Mara plains. Masai Mara National Reserve
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Africa,Kenya,Sirima,Turkana District. A rare shower of rain with a rainbow in the barren,lava-strewn country on southeast side of Lake Turkana.
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The mud or soil flats of the Sugata Valley looking north towards 'The Barrier'.'The Barrier' a volcanic ridge with two dormant volcanoes,which erupted towards the end of the 19th century - divides the exceedingly hot,barren Suguta Valley from Lake Turkana to its north.
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A Turkana woman sitting in the doorway of her hut. Her heavy mporro braided necklace identifies her as a married woman. Typical of her tribe,she wears many layers of bead necklaces and a beaded headband.
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A black rhino getting to its feet after rolling in dust to keep flies away from its sores. Mweiga, Solio, Kenya
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A Turkana man with a fine clay hairstyle,so typical of the southern Turkana. The black ostrich feather pompoms denote that the man belongs to the ng'imor (black) moiety of his tribe.
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Two Turkana girls set off to fetch water from a nearby Waterhole. Their water containers are made of wood by the women of the tribe. Their 'V' shaped aprons are made of goatskin and have been edged with hundreds and hundreds of round discs fashioned out of ostrich eggshells.
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Childhood is brief in nomadic communities. From an early age,Turkana girls help their mothers with the household chores and look after their younger brothers and sisters during the day. The baby has wooden charms round her neck to ward off evil spirits.
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A Turkana girl with a large gourd-like container used as a receptacle for water or milk. In the absence of gourds,the Turkana carve their containers from soft wood,such as that from the common commiphora species,which thrives in semi-arid country.
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A female cheetah looking out for her potential prey in early morning sunlight. Masai Mara National Reserve
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A young cheetah cub in early morning sunlight. Masai-Mara National Reserve
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A proud Turkana father and his young daughter. Both their hairstyles are typical of tribal custom in the west of Turkanaland.
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A happy Turkana boy carries home a Nile perch which he caught in Lake Turkana.
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Song is an art form ingrained in Turkana culture. At the end of a dance session,the participants invariably enjoy the Song of the Bulls. Each young man will take centre-stage to extol the praises of his favourite ox. He will explain how it came into his possession,its distinguishing traits and with outstretched arms,imitate the shape of its horns.
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Song is an art form ingrained in Turkana culture. After months of separation,young men and girls gather together during the rains when grass is abundant and life is relatively easy for a while. The Turkana have a rich repertoire of at least twenty dances,most of which are quite energetic.
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Chesnut weavers build their nests in close proximity to each other in an acacia tree on the plains of Tsavo West National Park during the rainy season.
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A magnificent lion sitting on a large boulder on the Mara Plains. Masai Mara National Reserve
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A Turkana woman wears all the finery of her tribe: brass lip plug,beaded collar decorated with bleached shells of the African land snail,leaf-like ear ornaments and metal earrings from which hang tiny rings of goat horn.
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A Turkana girl's necklaces are well-oiled with animal fat and glisten in the sun. Occasionally,a girl will put on so many necklaces that her vertebrae stretch and her neck muscles gradually weaken. The partially shaven head is typical of Turkana women and girls.
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Wildebeest swimming across the Mara River during their annual migration from the Serengeti National Park in Northern Tanzania to the Masai Mara National Reserve.
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A young Turkana herdsboy sneaks a drink of milk straight from a camel's udder. Camels are important to stockowners in the arid regions of Turkanaland since they are browsers and can be milked up to five times a day
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A male Wattled Starling in breeding plumage in Tsavo West National Park during the rainy season.
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Camels are milked in the early morning by Turkana herdsmen. In the best season of year,camels can be milked up to five times a day making them the most important livestock resource the Turkana own. However,these animals do not have the same cultural and emotional value to the Turkana as cattle.
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Turkana girls return home from a Waterhole with water containers made of wood. Their cloaks are goatskin embellished with glass beads.
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Kenya,Turkana,Oropoi. A Turkana warrior with spear and traditional buffalo-hide shield stands guard near Kenya's border with Uganda where frequent clashes with the Karamajong tribe take place. Kalashnikov AK 47 rifles have now replaced these traditional weapons of war.
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A Turkana woman,typically wearing many layers of bead necklaces and a series of hooped earrings with an pair of leaf-shaped earrrings at the front,sits in the entrance to her hut.
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In the semi-arid terrain of Turkanaland,women have to travel great distances to collect firewood. Like other Nilotic people,Turkana women balance heavy loads on their heads with graceful carriage and poise. The attire of this woman is typical of married women in the tribe.
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A male Chesnut Weaver pauses while building its nest in an acacia tree on the plains of Tsavo West National Park during the rainy season.
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Turkana elders wear decorative ivory lip ornaments,secured in position by a spigot which is inserted in a hole pierced below the man's lower lip after initiation. This singular form of decoration was once widespread but is rarely seen today.
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A family of White Rhinos, the female with a massive horn. Mweiga, Solio, Kenya
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When a Turkana woman gives birth,four goats will be slaughtered in a twenty-four-hour period to celebrate the occasion. The skin of the first goat will be made into a pouch for carrying the baby on its mother's back. The small wooden balls on the back of this pouch are charms to ward off evil spirits. The baby is wearing a bracelet of ostrich eggshell beads.
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A series of lava rock pools are situated just off the southern end of Lake Turkana,northern Kenya's Jade Sea. The colour of the water is caused by extreme alkalinity in which green algae with a high chlorophyll content grows.
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The traditional weaponry of the Turkana warriors consisted of a long-shafted spear with a narrow blade,a small rectangular shield made of giraffe or buffalo hide,a wrist knife worn round the assailant's right wrist and one or two finger knives for gouging out an enemy's eyes. They must have been an awesome sight in full battle cry. Modern arms have now replaced the old ways of fighting.
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A seasonal tree-lined water course in semi-desert terrain southeast of Lodwar.
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At the onset of rain,thorn trees burst into leaf and the vegetation of the semi-arid countryside looks fresh and green for a while. The sharp peak of the impressive mountain range is called Kakurotom.
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Turkana elders wear decorative ivory lip ornaments,secured in position by a spigot which is inserted in a hole pierced below the man's lower lip after initiation. This singular form of decoration was once widespread but is rarely seen today. Likewise,the traditional clay hairdo is gradually dying out.
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A white waterlily growing in a seasonal rainwater pool on the Mara plains. Masai Mara National Reserve
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A Turkana girl's necklaces are well-oiled with animal fat and glisten in the sun. The use of red ochre has been copied from their Samburu neighbours and is not widespread. Occasionally,a girl will put on so many necklaces that her vertebrae stretch and her neck muscles gradually weaken. The partially shaven head is typical of Turkana women and girls.
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A young Turkana girl wearing an attractively beaded leather apron and belt stands outside her mother's home. Sansevieria or wild sisal lines the lower walls of the house. Cicatrization round the nipples of a girl is not an uncommon form of beautification.
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Turkana women and girls are responsible for watering livestock,which is unusual among pastoral societies. Here,a young girl waters goats from a waterhole dug in the sand of a seasonal watercourse. Her young brother will control the flow of stock to the water trough. In the background,a man digs out another waterhole; they have to been deepened regularly towards the end of the dry season.
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A Turkana woman,typically wearing many layers of bead necklaces and a series of hooped earrings with an pair of leaf-shaped earrrings at the front,sits in the entrance to her hut.
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A Turkana woman sitting in the doorway of her hut. Her heavy mporro braided necklace identifies her as a married woman. Typical of her tribe,she wears many layers of bead necklaces and a beaded headband.
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Two Turkana men in traditional attire relax in the heat of the day under a shady tree. Every man will have a wooden stool,which doubles up as a pillow at night to protect his clay hairdo. Men will never sit on the ground; only women and children are permitted to do so.
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A jovial group of Turkana girls in traditional attire. Their aprons are made of goatskin,either beaded or cut into thin strips before braiding. The two girls in the middle have already had the flesh below their lower lips pierced in readiness for a brass ornament after marriage.
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An old Turkana woman wearing all the finery of her tribe.In a hole pierced below her lower lip, she wears an ornament beautifully made from twisted strands of copper wire.Leaf shaped ear ornaments are typically worn by married women of the tribe and the tiny amber coloured rings hanging from her earrings are made from goats hooves.
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A young Turkana girl with her head shaved except for a tuft,which is braided. This is the usual hairstyle for women and girls.
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